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　　Regarding Materials

　　The core sensing element of a piezoelectric accelerometer is a piezoelectric material, mainly of three types. The first type is quartz crystal, chemically composed of silicon dioxide. It is characterized by extremely high temperature stability, high mechanical strength, and good linearity, but its piezoelectric coefficient is relatively low, resulting in low sensitivity. It is often used as a standard reference sensor. The second type is piezoelectric ceramics, the most commonly used being lead zirconate titanate (PZT). After artificial polarization treatment, it exhibits a strong piezoelectric effect, with a high piezoelectric coefficient, high sensitivity, and high Curie temperature. Its parameters change little with temperature and time, making it the mainstream material for general-purpose piezoelectric accelerometers. The third type is PVDF (polyvinylidene fluoride), a high-molecular piezoelectric material. Its piezoelectric coefficient is close to that of ceramics, and its soft texture allows it to be made into thin films, making it suitable for sensors with special shapes. However, its temperature resistance is not as good as the previous two types. The sensor housing is usually made of stainless steel or aluminum alloy, while the internal mass is mostly made of tungsten alloy or steel.

　　Functionally,

　　The working principle of a piezoelectric accelerometer is the piezoelectric effect: when the sensor accelerates with the measured object, the internal inertial mass exerts a force on the piezoelectric element due to inertia. The piezoelectric material deforms under this force, generating a charge signal on its surface proportional to the applied force. This charge is proportional to the measured acceleration. It belongs to the category of power-generating sensors, outputting a charge or voltage signal, and can complete sensing without an external power supply (but the IEPE built-in amplifier requires constant current power). Key functional characteristics include: wide dynamic range, high frequency response (up to tens of kilohertz), with the actual operating frequency typically less than one-third of the sensor's resonant frequency to ensure accuracy; sensitivity is divided into charge sensitivity (pC/g) and voltage sensitivity (mV/g), with typical voltage sensitivity of IEPE type being 50 to 100 mV/g and charge output type being 10 to 50 pC/g; it cannot measure static or zero-frequency signals because the piezoelectric effect itself lacks DC response capability, and the low-frequency cutoff frequency is approximately 0.1 to 1 Hz; lateral sensitivity is generally less than 3% of the main sensitivity, exhibiting significant directionality. Structurally, it is divided into three types: compression type, shear type, and bending type, among which the triangular shear type is currently the most mainstream configuration due to its good isolation from base strain and temperature changes and excellent linearity.

　　Typical Applications

　　Industrial equipment condition monitoring and fault diagnosis, structural health monitoring, automotive crash testing, aerospace vibration testing, impact measurement, environmental stress screening, etc.

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