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　　The CE134 444-134-000-405 is a piezoelectric housing vibration monitoring accelerometer designed by Vibro-Meter specifically for high-temperature, explosion-proof, heavy-duty rotating equipment, fully meeting the API 670 unit protection standard.

　　1. Basic Measurement Functions

　　Absolute Vibration Acceleration Acquisition: Real-time measurement of dynamic vibration acceleration of turbine, compressor, and fan casings, with a fixed sensitivity of 5μA/g and output of a standard current signal;

　　Wideband Vibration Acquisition: Frequency response range of 5Hz to 10000Hz, covering full-frequency fault characteristics such as rotor imbalance, misalignment, bearing failure, gear meshing, and blade excitation;

　　Long-Term Continuous High-Temperature Monitoring: The measurement probe can withstand temperatures from -55℃ to 350℃, allowing for long-term installation in the high-temperature cylinder block and exhaust side casing of gas turbines and steam turbines;

　　Long-Distance Anti-Interference Signal Transmission: Current-type output with a maximum cable transmission distance of 1000m, offering significantly stronger anti-interference capabilities in strong industrial electromagnetic environments compared to voltage/charge signals;

　　Explosion-Proof Hazardous Area Compatibility: Provides ATEX/IECEx explosion-proof certification (Ex...). Intrinsically safe, suitable for flammable and explosive environments in chemical, oil and gas, and power plant applications;

　　Integrated signal conditioning, eliminating the need for an external charge amplifier: Utilizing a separate post-emitter electronic conditioning module (located away from high-temperature measuring points), with a built-in charge-to-current conversion circuit, eliminating the need for the external charge amplifier required for traditional piezoelectric sensors, simplifying on-site wiring.

　　2. Equipment Status Monitoring and Protection Functions (Core Industrial Applications)

　　Designed for long-term online vibration monitoring of heavy-duty turbine machinery:

　　Daily unit status inspection: Continuously monitors the absolute vibration of bearing housings and casing;

　　Fault early warning and diagnosis: Detects characteristic vibrations of bearing pitting, rotor friction, blade cracks, and coupling failure;

　　Interlock shutdown protection: Signals are sent to the TSI unit protection system; excessive vibration triggers alarms and interlock shutdowns to prevent major equipment damage;

　　Supports 24/7 uninterrupted industrial online monitoring, suitable for continuous production conditions in power plants and chemical plants.

　　3. Extreme Environment Adaptability

　　Ultra-wide Temperature Range: Sensor head -55℃~350℃, cable -54℃~260℃, conditioning module up to 125℃, suitable for high-temperature housings of gas turbines and steam turbines;

　　Explosion-proof Certification: Certified by ATEX, IECEx, and cCSAus, with an IIC T6 explosion-proof rating, suitable for use in hazardous areas involving hydrogen, natural gas, and other flammable and explosive chemicals, as well as gas turbine environments;

　　Sealed and Corrosion-resistant: All-metal hermetically sealed welded structure, waterproof, oil-gas-resistant, and dust-resistant, resistant to unit oil, steam, and corrosive media;

　　Insulated Housing: Sensor housing insulated design eliminates measurement noise caused by unit grounding loop current.

　　4. System Supporting Functions

　　No external independent charge amplifier required; features built-in split conditioning circuitry, simplifying on-site wiring.

　　Standard current signal output; directly connectable to mainstream TSI vibration monitoring systems such as Vibro-Meter MMS and VM600.

　　Split flexible hose installation; adaptable to confined or irregularly shaped equipment installation spaces, reducing high-temperature stress damage.

　　Single-axis measurement structure; rigid flange bolt installation ensures uninterrupted vibration transmission.

　　5. Industrial Application Scenarios

　　Online vibration protection for large gas/steam turbines, axial/centrifugal compressors, booster fans, and industrial pumps.

　　Unit fault early warning, bearing wear, rotor fault, and long-term structural resonance trend monitoring.

　　24-hour unattended status monitoring of heavy rotating machinery in power plants, petrochemical plants, and metallurgical plants.

　　Compatible with DCS, TSI (Unit Safety Monitoring System), and online vibration analysis systems.

　　6. Structural and Functional Configuration

　　The probe and electronic module are separately isolated: the high-temperature probe transmits only a weak charge, and the electronic conditioning box is located in a safe room-temperature area to prevent high-temperature circuit burnout;

　　All-metal hermetically sealed welding, stainless steel flexible shielded cable, waterproof, dustproof, and resistant to oil and gas corrosion;

　　The base is rigidly installed with bolts to ensure no attenuation of vibration transmission and stable measurement accuracy.

　　II. Complete Working Principle

　　It consists of two parts: the piezoelectric sensitive measurement principle and the separate charge-to-current signal conditioning principle:

　　1. Mechanical-charge conversion (Piezoelectric core principle: positive piezoelectric effect)

　　Internal structure: Centrally symmetrical compression ceramic piezoelectric element

　　The probe's internal structure consists of an inertial mass block + a high-temperature piezoelectric ceramic wafer + a pre-tensioning spring, forming a compression structure (centrally symmetrical arrangement, lateral interference cancellation, measurement only responds to axial vibration).

　　Physical Conversion Process

　　The sensor is rigidly fixed to the equipment housing. When the equipment vibrates, the inertial mass repeatedly compresses/stretches the piezoelectric ceramic wafer due to inertia.

　　According to the direct piezoelectric effect: When the piezoelectric ceramic is subjected to periodic mechanical pressure, the crystal lattice deforms, and an alternating charge proportional to the vibration acceleration is generated on the surface.

　　Output Charge Formula:

　　Q = d⋅m⋅a

　　d: Piezoelectric constant of the piezoelectric ceramic;

　　m: Inertial mass;

　　a: Vibration acceleration of the equipment;

　　The magnitude of the output charge corresponds exactly to the amplitude of the vibration acceleration, responding only to dynamic vibration (static displacement cannot be measured).

　　2. Separate Post-Circuit: Charge → Standard Current Signal Conversion (CE134 444-134-000-405 Unique Design)

　　Traditional high-temperature piezoelectric sensors suffer from highly susceptible to high-temperature charge signal drift and significant cable loss. The CE134 444-134-000-405  features a separate, isolated optimization:

　　The high-temperature probe outputs only a weak charge signal, transmitted via a low-noise shielded flexible cable to an independent electronic conditioning box located away from the heat source.

　　The conditioning box incorporates a high-impedance charge conversion circuit, converting the high-internal-resistance charge signal into a low-internal-resistance 4~20mA Class Alternating Current output (5μA/g).

　　Advantages of the current signal: Minimal voltage drop during long cable transmission; signal distortion-free even under strong electromagnetic interference from power plant inverters and high-voltage motors.

　　The circuit incorporates temperature compensation and noise filtering to eliminate zero-point drift caused by high-temperature environments, ensuring long-term measurement stability.

　　Long-Line Transmission Anti-Interference Principle

　　Using current-type output instead of voltage output:

　　When the current signal is transmitted over long cables (up to 1000m), it is unaffected by cable resistance, distributed capacitance, and industrial electromagnetic interference, making it suitable for long-distance cabinet data acquisition in turbine and compressor plants.

　　3. Back-end System Acquisition Logic

　　The TSI/vibration acquisition card receives a 5μA/g current signal. Internal integration calculations can convert the vibration velocity (mm/s) and vibration displacement (μm) for unit alarms, interlock shutdowns, and spectrum fault analysis.

　　III. Summary of Key Technical Features

　　High-Temperature Split Structure: The probe withstands 350℃, while electronic components operate at room temperature, balancing temperature measurement and circuit lifespan;

　　Piezoelectric Compression Structure: Resistant to lateral vibration interference, suitable for single-point monitoring of heavy-duty unit casings;

　　Long-line current output transmission with explosion-proof intrinsically safe design, making it the mainstream standard vibration sensor for large turbine units;

　　No external charge amplifier required, resulting in significantly lower on-site installation and maintenance costs compared to ordinary high-temperature piezoelectric sensors.

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